Amazon MLS-C01 Practice Exams
Last updated on Oct 23,2026- Exam Code: MLS-C01
- Exam Name: AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty
- Certification Provider: Amazon
- Latest update: Oct 23,2026
Question #191
An obtain relator collects the following data on customer orders: demographics, behaviors, location, shipment progress, and delivery time. A data scientist joins all the collected datasets. The result is a single dataset that includes 980 variables.
The data scientist must develop a machine learning (ML) model to identify groups of customers who are likely to respond to a marketing campaign.
Which combination of algorithms should the data scientist use to meet this requirement? (Select TWO.)
- A . Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA)
- B . K-means
- C . Se mantic feg mentation
- D . Principal component analysis (PCA)
- E . Factorization machines (FM)
Correct Answer: BD
BD
Explanation:
The data scientist should use K-means and principal component analysis (PCA) to meet this requirement. K-means is a clustering algorithm that can group customers based on their similarity in the feature space. PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that can transform the original 980 variables into a smaller set of uncorrelated variables that capture most of the variance in the data.
This can help reduce the computational cost and noise in the data, and improve the performance of the clustering algorithm.
References:
Clustering – Amazon SageMaker
Dimensionality Reduction – Amazon SageMaker
BD
Explanation:
The data scientist should use K-means and principal component analysis (PCA) to meet this requirement. K-means is a clustering algorithm that can group customers based on their similarity in the feature space. PCA is a dimensionality reduction technique that can transform the original 980 variables into a smaller set of uncorrelated variables that capture most of the variance in the data.
This can help reduce the computational cost and noise in the data, and improve the performance of the clustering algorithm.
References:
Clustering – Amazon SageMaker
Dimensionality Reduction – Amazon SageMaker
Question #192
A company is running an Amazon SageMaker training job that will access data stored in its Amazon S3 bucket A compliance policy requires that the data never be transmitted across the internet.
How should the company set up the job?
- A . Launch the notebook instances in a public subnet and access the data through the public S3 endpoint
- B . Launch the notebook instances in a private subnet and access the data through a NAT gateway
- C . Launch the notebook instances in a public subnet and access the data through a NAT gateway
- D . Launch the notebook instances in a private subnet and access the data through an S3 VPC endpoint.
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
A private subnet is a subnet that does not have a route to the internet gateway, which means that the resources in the private subnet cannot access the internet or be accessed from the internet. An S3 VPC endpoint is a gateway endpoint that allows the resources in the VPC to access the S3 service without going through the internet. By launching the notebook instances in a private subnet and accessing the data through an S3 VPC endpoint, the company can set up the job in a secure and compliant way, as the data never leaves the AWS network and is not exposed to the internet. This can also improve the performance and reliability of the data transfer, as the traffic does not depend on the internet bandwidth or availability.
References:
Amazon VPC Endpoints – Amazon Virtual Private Cloud Endpoints for Amazon S3 – Amazon Virtual Private Cloud Connect to SageMaker Within your VPC – Amazon SageMaker Working with VPCs and Subnets – Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
D
Explanation:
A private subnet is a subnet that does not have a route to the internet gateway, which means that the resources in the private subnet cannot access the internet or be accessed from the internet. An S3 VPC endpoint is a gateway endpoint that allows the resources in the VPC to access the S3 service without going through the internet. By launching the notebook instances in a private subnet and accessing the data through an S3 VPC endpoint, the company can set up the job in a secure and compliant way, as the data never leaves the AWS network and is not exposed to the internet. This can also improve the performance and reliability of the data transfer, as the traffic does not depend on the internet bandwidth or availability.
References:
Amazon VPC Endpoints – Amazon Virtual Private Cloud Endpoints for Amazon S3 – Amazon Virtual Private Cloud Connect to SageMaker Within your VPC – Amazon SageMaker Working with VPCs and Subnets – Amazon Virtual Private Cloud
Question #193
A company uses camera images of the tops of items displayed on store shelves to determine which items were removed and which ones still remain. After several hours of data labeling, the company has a total of 1,000 hand-labeled images covering 10 distinct items. The training results were poor.
Which machine learning approach fulfills the company’s long-term needs?
- A . Convert the images to grayscale and retrain the model
- B . Reduce the number of distinct items from 10 to 2, build the model, and iterate
- C . Attach different colored labels to each item, take the images again, and build the model
- D . Augment training data for each item using image variants like inversions and translations, build the model, and iterate.
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
Data augmentation is a technique that can increase the size and diversity of the training data by applying various transformations to the original images, such as inversions, translations, rotations, scaling, cropping, flipping, and color variations. Data augmentation can help improve the performance and generalization of image classification models by reducing overfitting and introducing more variability to the data. Data augmentation is especially useful when the original data is limited or imbalanced, as in the case of the company’s problem. By augmenting the training data for each item using image variants, the company can build a more robust and accurate model that can recognize the items on the store shelves from different angles, positions, and lighting conditions. The company can also iterate on the model by adding more data or fine-tuning the hyperparameters to achieve better results.
Reference: Build high performing image classification models using Amazon SageMaker JumpStart The Effectiveness of Data Augmentation in Image Classification using Deep Learning Data augmentation for improving deep learning in image classification problem Class-Adaptive Data Augmentation for Image Classification
D
Explanation:
Data augmentation is a technique that can increase the size and diversity of the training data by applying various transformations to the original images, such as inversions, translations, rotations, scaling, cropping, flipping, and color variations. Data augmentation can help improve the performance and generalization of image classification models by reducing overfitting and introducing more variability to the data. Data augmentation is especially useful when the original data is limited or imbalanced, as in the case of the company’s problem. By augmenting the training data for each item using image variants, the company can build a more robust and accurate model that can recognize the items on the store shelves from different angles, positions, and lighting conditions. The company can also iterate on the model by adding more data or fine-tuning the hyperparameters to achieve better results.
Reference: Build high performing image classification models using Amazon SageMaker JumpStart The Effectiveness of Data Augmentation in Image Classification using Deep Learning Data augmentation for improving deep learning in image classification problem Class-Adaptive Data Augmentation for Image Classification
Question #194
A company wants to create a data repository in the AWS Cloud for machine learning (ML) projects. The company wants to use AWS to perform complete ML lifecycles and wants to use Amazon S3 for the data storage. All of the company’s data currently resides on premises and is 40 ТВ in size.
The company wants a solution that can transfer and automatically update data between the on-premises object storage and Amazon S3. The solution must support encryption, scheduling, monitoring, and data integrity validation.
Which solution meets these requirements?
- A . Use the S3 sync command to compare the source S3 bucket and the destination S3 bucket. Determine which source files do not exist in the destination S3 bucket and which source files were modified.
- B . Use AWS Transfer for FTPS to transfer the files from the on-premises storage to Amazon S3.
- C . Use AWS DataSync to make an initial copy of the entire dataset. Schedule subsequent incremental transfers of changing data until the final cutover from on premises to AWS.
- D . Use S3 Batch Operations to pull data periodically from the on-premises storage. Enable S3 Versioning on the S3 bucket to protect against accidental overwrites.
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
The best solution to meet the requirements of the company is to use AWS DataSync to make an initial copy of the entire dataset, and schedule subsequent incremental transfers of changing data until the final cutover from on premises to AWS.
This is because:
AWS DataSync is an online data movement and discovery service that simplifies data migration and helps you quickly, easily, and securely transfer your file or object data to, from, and between AWS storage services 1. AWS DataSync can copy data between on-premises object storage and Amazon S3, and also supports encryption, scheduling, monitoring, and data integrity validation 1.
AWS DataSync can make an initial copy of the entire dataset by using a DataSync agent, which is a software appliance that connects to your on-premises storage and manages the data transfer to AWS 2. The DataSync agent can be deployed as a virtual machine (VM) on your existing hypervisor, or as an Amazon EC2 instance in your AWS account 2.
AWS DataSync can schedule subsequent incremental transfers of changing data by using a task, which is a configuration that specifies the source and destination locations, the options for the transfer, and the schedule for the transfer 3. You can create a task to run once or on a recurring schedule, and you can also use filters to include or exclude specific files or objects based on their names or prefixes 3.
AWS DataSync can perform the final cutover from on premises to AWS by using a sync task, which is a type of task that synchronizes the data in the source and destination locations 4. A sync task transfers only the data that has changed or that doesn’t exist in the destination, and also deletes any files or objects from the destination that were deleted from the source since the last sync 4.
Therefore, by using AWS DataSync, the company can create a data repository in the AWS Cloud for machine learning projects, and use Amazon S3 for the data storage, while meeting the requirements of encryption, scheduling, monitoring, and data integrity validation.
References:
Data Transfer Service – AWS DataSync
Deploying a DataSync Agent
Creating a Task
Syncing Data with AWS DataSync
C
Explanation:
The best solution to meet the requirements of the company is to use AWS DataSync to make an initial copy of the entire dataset, and schedule subsequent incremental transfers of changing data until the final cutover from on premises to AWS.
This is because:
AWS DataSync is an online data movement and discovery service that simplifies data migration and helps you quickly, easily, and securely transfer your file or object data to, from, and between AWS storage services 1. AWS DataSync can copy data between on-premises object storage and Amazon S3, and also supports encryption, scheduling, monitoring, and data integrity validation 1.
AWS DataSync can make an initial copy of the entire dataset by using a DataSync agent, which is a software appliance that connects to your on-premises storage and manages the data transfer to AWS 2. The DataSync agent can be deployed as a virtual machine (VM) on your existing hypervisor, or as an Amazon EC2 instance in your AWS account 2.
AWS DataSync can schedule subsequent incremental transfers of changing data by using a task, which is a configuration that specifies the source and destination locations, the options for the transfer, and the schedule for the transfer 3. You can create a task to run once or on a recurring schedule, and you can also use filters to include or exclude specific files or objects based on their names or prefixes 3.
AWS DataSync can perform the final cutover from on premises to AWS by using a sync task, which is a type of task that synchronizes the data in the source and destination locations 4. A sync task transfers only the data that has changed or that doesn’t exist in the destination, and also deletes any files or objects from the destination that were deleted from the source since the last sync 4.
Therefore, by using AWS DataSync, the company can create a data repository in the AWS Cloud for machine learning projects, and use Amazon S3 for the data storage, while meeting the requirements of encryption, scheduling, monitoring, and data integrity validation.
References:
Data Transfer Service – AWS DataSync
Deploying a DataSync Agent
Creating a Task
Syncing Data with AWS DataSync
Question #195
An ecommerce company sends a weekly email newsletter to all of its customers. Management has hired a team of writers to create additional targeted content. A data scientist needs to identify five customer segments based on age, income, and location. The customers’ current segmentation is unknown. The data scientist previously built an XGBoost model to predict the likelihood of a customer responding to an email based on age, income, and location.
Why does the XGBoost model NOT meet the current requirements, and how can this be fixed?
- A . The XGBoost model provides a true/false binary output. Apply principal component analysis (PCA) with five feature dimensions to predict a segment.
- B . The XGBoost model provides a true/false binary output. Increase the number of classes the XGBoost model predicts to five classes to predict a segment.
- C . The XGBoost model is a supervised machine learning algorithm. Train a k-Nearest-Neighbors (kNN) model with K = 5 on the same dataset to predict a segment.
- D . The XGBoost model is a supervised machine learning algorithm. Train a k-means model with K = 5 on the same dataset to predict a segment.
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
The XGBoost model is a supervised machine learning algorithm, which means it requires labeled data to learn from. The customers’ current segmentation is unknown, so there is no label to train the XGBoost model on. Moreover, the XGBoost model is designed for classification or regression tasks, not for clustering. Clustering is a type of unsupervised machine learning, which means it does not require labeled data. Clustering algorithms try to find natural groups or clusters in the data based on their similarity or distance. A common clustering algorithm is k-means, which partitions the data into K clusters, where each data point belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean. To meet the current requirements, the data scientist should train a k-means model with K = 5 on the same dataset to predict a segment for each customer. This way, the data scientist can identify five customer segments based on age, income, and location, without needing any labels.
References:
What is XGBoost? – Amazon SageMaker
What is Clustering? – Amazon SageMaker
K-Means Algorithm – Amazon SageMaker
D
Explanation:
The XGBoost model is a supervised machine learning algorithm, which means it requires labeled data to learn from. The customers’ current segmentation is unknown, so there is no label to train the XGBoost model on. Moreover, the XGBoost model is designed for classification or regression tasks, not for clustering. Clustering is a type of unsupervised machine learning, which means it does not require labeled data. Clustering algorithms try to find natural groups or clusters in the data based on their similarity or distance. A common clustering algorithm is k-means, which partitions the data into K clusters, where each data point belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean. To meet the current requirements, the data scientist should train a k-means model with K = 5 on the same dataset to predict a segment for each customer. This way, the data scientist can identify five customer segments based on age, income, and location, without needing any labels.
References:
What is XGBoost? – Amazon SageMaker
What is Clustering? – Amazon SageMaker
K-Means Algorithm – Amazon SageMaker
Question #196
A Data Scientist needs to create a serverless ingestion and analytics solution for high-velocity, real-time streaming data.
The ingestion process must buffer and convert incoming records from JSON to a query-optimized, columnar format without data loss. The output datastore must be highly available, and Analysts must be able to run SQL queries against the data and connect to existing business intelligence dashboards.
Which solution should the Data Scientist build to satisfy the requirements?
- A . Create a schema in the AWS Glue Data Catalog of the incoming data format. Use an Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose delivery stream to stream the data and transform the data to Apache Parquet or ORC format using the AWS Glue Data Catalog before delivering to Amazon S3. Have the Analysts query the data directly from Amazon S3 using Amazon Athena, and connect to Bl tools using the Athena Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector.
- B . Write each JSON record to a staging location in Amazon S3. Use the S3 Put event to trigger an AWS Lambda function that transforms the data into Apache Parquet or ORC format and writes the data to a processed data location in Amazon S3. Have the Analysts query the data directly from Amazon S3 using Amazon Athena, and connect to Bl tools using the Athena Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector.
- C . Write each JSON record to a staging location in Amazon S3. Use the S3 Put event to trigger an AWS Lambda function that transforms the data into Apache Parquet or ORC format and inserts it into an Amazon RDS PostgreSQL database. Have the Analysts query and run dashboards from the RDS database.
- D . Use Amazon Kinesis Data Analytics to ingest the streaming data and perform real-time SQL queries to convert the records to Apache Parquet before delivering to Amazon S3. Have the Analysts query the data directly from Amazon S3 using Amazon Athena and connect to Bl tools using the Athena Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
To create a serverless ingestion and analytics solution for high-velocity, real-time streaming data, the Data Scientist should use the following AWS services:
AWS Glue Data Catalog: This is a managed service that acts as a central metadata repository for data assets across AWS and on-premises data sources. The Data Scientist can use AWS Glue Data Catalog to create a schema of the incoming data format, which defines the structure, format, and data types of the JSON records. The schema can be used by other AWS services to understand and process the data1.
Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose: This is a fully managed service that delivers real-time streaming data to destinations such as Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, Amazon Elasticsearch Service, and Splunk. The Data Scientist can use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to stream the data from the source and transform the data to a query-optimized, columnar format such as Apache Parquet or ORC using the AWS Glue Data Catalog before delivering to Amazon S3. This enables efficient compression, partitioning, and fast analytics on the data2.
Amazon S3: This is an object storage service that offers high durability, availability, and scalability. The Data Scientist can use Amazon S3 as the output datastore for the transformed data, which can be organized into buckets and prefixes according to the desired partitioning scheme. Amazon S3 also integrates with other AWS services such as Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, and Amazon Redshift Spectrum for analytics3.
Amazon Athena: This is a serverless interactive query service that allows users to analyze data in Amazon S3 using standard SQL. The Data Scientist can use Amazon Athena to run SQL queries against the data in Amazon S3 and connect to existing business intelligence dashboards using the Athena Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector. Amazon Athena leverages the AWS Glue Data Catalog to access the schema information and supports formats such as Parquet and ORC for fast and cost-effective queries4.
References:
1: What Is the AWS Glue Data Catalog? – AWS Glue
2: What Is Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose? – Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose
3: What Is Amazon S3? – Amazon Simple Storage Service
4: What Is Amazon Athena? – Amazon Athena
A
Explanation:
To create a serverless ingestion and analytics solution for high-velocity, real-time streaming data, the Data Scientist should use the following AWS services:
AWS Glue Data Catalog: This is a managed service that acts as a central metadata repository for data assets across AWS and on-premises data sources. The Data Scientist can use AWS Glue Data Catalog to create a schema of the incoming data format, which defines the structure, format, and data types of the JSON records. The schema can be used by other AWS services to understand and process the data1.
Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose: This is a fully managed service that delivers real-time streaming data to destinations such as Amazon S3, Amazon Redshift, Amazon Elasticsearch Service, and Splunk. The Data Scientist can use Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose to stream the data from the source and transform the data to a query-optimized, columnar format such as Apache Parquet or ORC using the AWS Glue Data Catalog before delivering to Amazon S3. This enables efficient compression, partitioning, and fast analytics on the data2.
Amazon S3: This is an object storage service that offers high durability, availability, and scalability. The Data Scientist can use Amazon S3 as the output datastore for the transformed data, which can be organized into buckets and prefixes according to the desired partitioning scheme. Amazon S3 also integrates with other AWS services such as Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, and Amazon Redshift Spectrum for analytics3.
Amazon Athena: This is a serverless interactive query service that allows users to analyze data in Amazon S3 using standard SQL. The Data Scientist can use Amazon Athena to run SQL queries against the data in Amazon S3 and connect to existing business intelligence dashboards using the Athena Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) connector. Amazon Athena leverages the AWS Glue Data Catalog to access the schema information and supports formats such as Parquet and ORC for fast and cost-effective queries4.
References:
1: What Is the AWS Glue Data Catalog? – AWS Glue
2: What Is Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose? – Amazon Kinesis Data Firehose
3: What Is Amazon S3? – Amazon Simple Storage Service
4: What Is Amazon Athena? – Amazon Athena
Question #197
A company’s Machine Learning Specialist needs to improve the training speed of a time-series forecasting model using TensorFlow. The training is currently implemented on a single-GPU machine and takes approximately 23 hours to complete. The training needs to be run daily.
The model accuracy js acceptable, but the company anticipates a continuous increase in the size of the training data and a need to update the model on an hourly, rather than a daily, basis. The company also wants to minimize coding effort and infrastructure changes
What should the Machine Learning Specialist do to the training solution to allow it to scale for future demand?
- A . Do not change the TensorFlow code. Change the machine to one with a more powerful GPU to speed up the training.
- B . Change the TensorFlow code to implement a Horovod distributed framework supported by Amazon SageMaker. Parallelize the training to as many machines as needed to achieve the business goals.
- C . Switch to using a built-in AWS SageMaker DeepAR model. Parallelize the training to as many machines as needed to achieve the business goals.
- D . Move the training to Amazon EMR and distribute the workload to as many machines as needed to achieve the business goals.
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
To improve the training speed of a time-series forecasting model using TensorFlow, the Machine Learning Specialist should change the TensorFlow code to implement a Horovod distributed framework supported by Amazon SageMaker. Horovod is a free and open-source software framework for distributed deep learning training using TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and Apache MXNet1. Horovod can scale up to hundreds of GPUs with upwards of 90% scaling efficiency2. Horovod is easy to use, as it requires only a few lines of Python code to modify an existing training script2. Horovod is also portable, as it runs the same for TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and MXNet; on premise, in the cloud, and on Apache Spark2.
Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed service that provides every developer and data scientist with the ability to build, train, and deploy machine learning models quickly3. Amazon SageMaker supports Horovod as a built-in distributed training framework, which means that the Machine Learning Specialist does not need to install or configure Horovod separately4. Amazon SageMaker also provides a number of features and tools to simplify and optimize the distributed training process, such as automatic scaling, debugging, profiling, and monitoring4. By using Amazon SageMaker, the Machine Learning Specialist can parallelize the training to as many machines as needed to achieve the business goals, while minimizing coding effort and infrastructure changes.
References:
1: Horovod (machine learning) – Wikipedia
2: Home – Horovod
3: Amazon SageMaker C Machine Learning Service C AWS
4: Use Horovod with Amazon SageMaker – Amazon SageMaker
B
Explanation:
To improve the training speed of a time-series forecasting model using TensorFlow, the Machine Learning Specialist should change the TensorFlow code to implement a Horovod distributed framework supported by Amazon SageMaker. Horovod is a free and open-source software framework for distributed deep learning training using TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and Apache MXNet1. Horovod can scale up to hundreds of GPUs with upwards of 90% scaling efficiency2. Horovod is easy to use, as it requires only a few lines of Python code to modify an existing training script2. Horovod is also portable, as it runs the same for TensorFlow, Keras, PyTorch, and MXNet; on premise, in the cloud, and on Apache Spark2.
Amazon SageMaker is a fully managed service that provides every developer and data scientist with the ability to build, train, and deploy machine learning models quickly3. Amazon SageMaker supports Horovod as a built-in distributed training framework, which means that the Machine Learning Specialist does not need to install or configure Horovod separately4. Amazon SageMaker also provides a number of features and tools to simplify and optimize the distributed training process, such as automatic scaling, debugging, profiling, and monitoring4. By using Amazon SageMaker, the Machine Learning Specialist can parallelize the training to as many machines as needed to achieve the business goals, while minimizing coding effort and infrastructure changes.
References:
1: Horovod (machine learning) – Wikipedia
2: Home – Horovod
3: Amazon SageMaker C Machine Learning Service C AWS
4: Use Horovod with Amazon SageMaker – Amazon SageMaker
Question #198
A Machine Learning Specialist is developing a daily ETL workflow containing multiple ETL jobs.
The workflow consists of the following processes
* Start the workflow as soon as data is uploaded to Amazon S3
* When all the datasets are available in Amazon S3, start an ETL job to join the uploaded datasets with multiple terabyte-sized datasets already stored in Amazon S3
* Store the results of joining datasets in Amazon S3
* If one of the jobs fails, send a notification to the Administrator
Which configuration will meet these requirements?
- A . Use AWS Lambda to trigger an AWS Step Functions workflow to wait for dataset uploads to complete in Amazon S3. Use AWS Glue to join the datasets Use an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to send an SNS notification to the Administrator in the case of a failure
- B . Develop the ETL workflow using AWS Lambda to start an Amazon SageMaker notebook instance Use a lifecycle configuration script to join the datasets and persist the results in Amazon S3 Use an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to send an SNS notification to the Administrator in the case of a failure
- C . Develop the ETL workflow using AWS Batch to trigger the start of ETL jobs when data is uploaded to Amazon S3 Use AWS Glue to join the datasets in Amazon S3 Use an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to send an SNS notification to the Administrator in the case of a failure
- D . Use AWS Lambda to chain other Lambda functions to read and join the datasets in Amazon S3 as soon as the data is uploaded to Amazon S3 Use an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to send an SNS notification to the Administrator in the case of a failure
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
To develop a daily ETL workflow containing multiple ETL jobs that can start as soon as data is uploaded to Amazon S3, the best configuration is to use AWS Lambda to trigger an AWS Step Functions workflow to wait for dataset uploads to complete in Amazon S3. Use AWS Glue to join the datasets. Use an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to send an SNS notification to the Administrator in the case of a failure.
AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers. You can use Lambda to create functions that respond to events such as data uploads to Amazon S3. You can also use Lambda to invoke other AWS services such as AWS Step Functions and AWS Glue.
AWS Step Functions is a service that lets you coordinate multiple AWS services into serverless workflows. You can use Step Functions to create a state machine that defines the sequence and logic of your ETL workflow. You can also use Step Functions to handle errors and retries, and to monitor the execution status of your workflow.
AWS Glue is a serverless data integration service that makes it easy to discover, prepare, and combine data for analytics. You can use Glue to create and run ETL jobs that can join data from multiple sources in Amazon S3. You can also use Glue to catalog your data and make it searchable and queryable.
Amazon CloudWatch is a service that monitors your AWS resources and applications. You can use CloudWatch to create alarms that trigger actions when a metric or a log event meets a specified threshold. You can also use CloudWatch to send notifications to Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) topics, which can then deliver the notifications to subscribers such as email addresses or phone numbers.
Therefore, by using these services together, you can achieve the following benefits:
You can start the ETL workflow as soon as data is uploaded to Amazon S3 by using Lambda functions to trigger Step Functions workflows.
You can wait for all the datasets to be available in Amazon S3 by using Step Functions to poll the S3 buckets and check the data completeness.
You can join the datasets with terabyte-sized datasets in Amazon S3 by using Glue ETL jobs that can scale and parallelize the data processing.
You can store the results of joining datasets in Amazon S3 by using Glue ETL jobs to write the output to S3 buckets.
You can send a notification to the Administrator if one of the jobs fails by using CloudWatch alarms to monitor the Step Functions or Glue metrics and send SNS notifications in case of a failure.
A
Explanation:
To develop a daily ETL workflow containing multiple ETL jobs that can start as soon as data is uploaded to Amazon S3, the best configuration is to use AWS Lambda to trigger an AWS Step Functions workflow to wait for dataset uploads to complete in Amazon S3. Use AWS Glue to join the datasets. Use an Amazon CloudWatch alarm to send an SNS notification to the Administrator in the case of a failure.
AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that lets you run code without provisioning or managing servers. You can use Lambda to create functions that respond to events such as data uploads to Amazon S3. You can also use Lambda to invoke other AWS services such as AWS Step Functions and AWS Glue.
AWS Step Functions is a service that lets you coordinate multiple AWS services into serverless workflows. You can use Step Functions to create a state machine that defines the sequence and logic of your ETL workflow. You can also use Step Functions to handle errors and retries, and to monitor the execution status of your workflow.
AWS Glue is a serverless data integration service that makes it easy to discover, prepare, and combine data for analytics. You can use Glue to create and run ETL jobs that can join data from multiple sources in Amazon S3. You can also use Glue to catalog your data and make it searchable and queryable.
Amazon CloudWatch is a service that monitors your AWS resources and applications. You can use CloudWatch to create alarms that trigger actions when a metric or a log event meets a specified threshold. You can also use CloudWatch to send notifications to Amazon Simple Notification Service (SNS) topics, which can then deliver the notifications to subscribers such as email addresses or phone numbers.
Therefore, by using these services together, you can achieve the following benefits:
You can start the ETL workflow as soon as data is uploaded to Amazon S3 by using Lambda functions to trigger Step Functions workflows.
You can wait for all the datasets to be available in Amazon S3 by using Step Functions to poll the S3 buckets and check the data completeness.
You can join the datasets with terabyte-sized datasets in Amazon S3 by using Glue ETL jobs that can scale and parallelize the data processing.
You can store the results of joining datasets in Amazon S3 by using Glue ETL jobs to write the output to S3 buckets.
You can send a notification to the Administrator if one of the jobs fails by using CloudWatch alarms to monitor the Step Functions or Glue metrics and send SNS notifications in case of a failure.
Question #199
A data scientist uses Amazon SageMaker Data Wrangler to analyze and visualize data. The data scientist wants to refine a training dataset by selecting predictor variables that are strongly predictive of the target variable. The target variable correlates with other predictor variables.
The data scientist wants to understand the variance in the data along various directions in the feature space.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
- A . Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler multicollinearity measurement features with a variance inflation factor (VIF) score. Use the VIF score as a measurement of how closely the variables are related to each other.
- B . Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler Data Quality and Insights Report quick model visualization to estimate the expected quality of a model that is trained on the data.
- C . Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler multicollinearity measurement features with the principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm to provide a feature space that includes all of the predictor variables.
- D . Use the SageMaker Data Wrangler Data Quality and Insights Report feature to review features by their predictive power.
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a dimensionality reduction technique that captures the variance within the feature space, helping to understand the directions in which data varies most. In SageMaker Data Wrangler, the multicollinearity measurement and PCA features allow the data scientist to analyze interdependencies between predictor variables while reducing redundancy. PCA transforms correlated features into a set of uncorrelated components, helping to simplify the dataset without significant loss of information, making it ideal for refining features based on variance. Options A and D offer methods to understand feature relevance but are less effective for managing multicollinearity and variance representation in the data.
C
Explanation:
Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a dimensionality reduction technique that captures the variance within the feature space, helping to understand the directions in which data varies most. In SageMaker Data Wrangler, the multicollinearity measurement and PCA features allow the data scientist to analyze interdependencies between predictor variables while reducing redundancy. PCA transforms correlated features into a set of uncorrelated components, helping to simplify the dataset without significant loss of information, making it ideal for refining features based on variance. Options A and D offer methods to understand feature relevance but are less effective for managing multicollinearity and variance representation in the data.
Question #200
A large JSON dataset for a project has been uploaded to a private Amazon S3 bucket. The Machine Learning Specialist wants to securely access and explore the data from an Amazon SageMaker notebook instance A new VPC was created and assigned to the Specialist
How can the privacy and integrity of the data stored in Amazon S3 be maintained while granting access to the Specialist for analysis?
- A . Launch the SageMaker notebook instance within the VPC with SageMaker-provided internet access enabled Use an S3 ACL to open read privileges to the everyone group
- B . Launch the SageMaker notebook instance within the VPC and create an S3 VPC endpoint for the notebook to access the data Copy the JSON dataset from Amazon S3 into the ML storage volume on the SageMaker notebook instance and work against the local dataset
- C . Launch the SageMaker notebook instance within the VPC and create an S3 VPC endpoint for the notebook to access the data Define a custom S3 bucket policy to only allow requests from your VPC to access the S3 bucket
- D . Launch the SageMaker notebook instance within the VPC with SageMaker-provided internet access enabled. Generate an S3 pre-signed URL for access to data in the bucket
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
The best way to maintain the privacy and integrity of the data stored in Amazon S3 is to use a combination of VPC endpoints and S3 bucket policies. A VPC endpoint allows the SageMaker notebook instance to access the S3 bucket without going through the public internet. A bucket policy allows the S3 bucket owner to specify which VPCs or VPC endpoints can access the bucket. This way, the data is protected from unauthorized access and tampering. The other options are either insecure (A and D) or inefficient (B).
References: Using Amazon S3 VPC Endpoints, Using Bucket Policies and User Policies
C
Explanation:
The best way to maintain the privacy and integrity of the data stored in Amazon S3 is to use a combination of VPC endpoints and S3 bucket policies. A VPC endpoint allows the SageMaker notebook instance to access the S3 bucket without going through the public internet. A bucket policy allows the S3 bucket owner to specify which VPCs or VPC endpoints can access the bucket. This way, the data is protected from unauthorized access and tampering. The other options are either insecure (A and D) or inefficient (B).
References: Using Amazon S3 VPC Endpoints, Using Bucket Policies and User Policies