Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer Practice Exams

Last updated on Oct 10,2026

Exam Code: Professional Machine Learning Engineer
Exam Name: Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer
Certification Provider: Google
Latest update: Oct 10,2026

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Question #300

You work for a toy manufacturer that has been experiencing a large increase in demand. You need to build an ML model to reduce the amount of time spent by quality control inspectors checking for product defects. Faster defect detection is a priority. The factory does not have reliable Wi-Fi. Your company wants to implement the new ML model as soon as possible.

Which model should you use?

A . AutoML Vision model
B . AutoML Vision Edge mobile-versatile-1 model
C . AutoML Vision Edge mobile-low-latency-1 model
D . AutoML Vision Edge mobile-high-accuracy-1 model

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Correct Answer: C
C

Explanation:

AutoML Vision Edge is a service that allows you to create custom image classification and object detection models that can run on edge devices, such as mobile phones, tablets, or IoT devices1. AutoML Vision Edge offers four types of models that vary in size, accuracy, and latency:

mobile-versatile-1, mobile-low-latency-1, mobile-high-accuracy-1, and mobile-core-ml-low-latency-12. Each model has its own trade-offs and use cases, depending on the device specifications and the application requirements.

For the use case of building an ML model to reduce the amount of time spent by quality control inspectors checking for product defects, the best model to use is the AutoML Vision Edge mobile-low-latency-1 model. This model is optimized for fast inference on mobile devices, with a latency of less than 50 milliseconds on a Pixel 1 phone2. Faster defect detection is a priority for the toy manufacturer, and the factory does not have reliable Wi-Fi, so a low-latency model that can run on the device without internet connection is ideal. The mobile-low-latency-1 model also has a small size of less than 4 MB, which makes it easy to deploy and update2. The mobile-low-latency-1 model has a slightly lower accuracy than the mobile-high-accuracy-1 model, but it is still suitable for most image classification tasks2. Therefore, the AutoML Vision Edge mobile-low-latency-1 model is the best option for this use case.

Reference: AutoML Vision Edge documentation

AutoML Vision Edge model types

Question #302

You are creating a model training pipeline to predict sentiment scores from text-based product reviews. You want to have control over how the model parameters are tuned, and you will deploy the model to an endpoint after it has been trained You will use Vertex Al Pipelines to run the pipeline You need to decide which Google Cloud pipeline components to use.

What components should you choose?

A)

A . Option A
B . Option B
C . Option C
D . Option D

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Correct Answer: A
A

Explanation:

According to the web search results, Vertex AI Pipelines is a serverless orchestrator for running ML pipelines, using either the KFP SDK or TFX1. Vertex AI Pipelines provides a set of prebuilt components that can be used to perform common ML tasks, such as training, evaluation, deployment, and more2. Vertex AI ModelEvaluationOp and ModelDeployOp are two such components that can be used to evaluate and deploy a model to an endpoint for online inference3. However, Vertex AI Pipelines does not provide a prebuilt component for hyperparameter tuning. Therefore, to have control over how the model parameters are tuned, you need to use a custom component that calls the Vertex AI HyperparameterTuningJob service4. Therefore, option A is the best way to decide which Google Cloud pipeline components to use for the given use case, as it includes a custom component for hyperparameter tuning, and prebuilt components for model evaluation and deployment. The other options are not relevant or optimal for this scenario.

Reference: Vertex AI Pipelines

Google Cloud Pipeline Components

Vertex AI ModelEvaluationOp and ModelDeployOp

Vertex AI HyperparameterTuningJob

Google Professional Machine Learning Certification Exam 2023

Latest Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer Actual Free Exam Questions

Question #303

You work with a data engineering team that has developed a pipeline to clean your dataset and save it in a Cloud Storage bucket. You have created an ML model and want to use the data to refresh your model as soon as new data is available. As part of your CI/CD workflow, you want to automatically run a Kubeflow Pipelines training job on Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE).

How should you architect this workflow?

A . Configure your pipeline with Dataflow, which saves the files in Cloud Storage After the file is saved, start the training job on a GKE cluster
B . Use App Engine to create a lightweight python client that continuously polls Cloud Storage for new files As soon as a file arrives, initiate the training job
C . Configure a Cloud Storage trigger to send a message to a Pub/Sub topic when a new file is available in a storage bucket. Use a Pub/Sub-triggered Cloud Function to start the training job on a GKE cluster
D . Use Cloud Scheduler to schedule jobs at a regular interval. For the first step of the job. check the timestamp of objects in your Cloud Storage bucket If there are no new files since the last run, abort the job.

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Correct Answer: C
C

Explanation:

This option is the best way to architect the workflow, as it allows you to use event-driven and serverless components to automate the ML training process. Cloud Storage triggers are a feature that allows you to send notifications to a Pub/Sub topic when an object is created, deleted, or updated in a storage bucket. Pub/Sub is a service that allows you to publish and subscribe to messages on various topics. Pub/Sub-triggered Cloud Functions are a type of Cloud Functions that are invoked when a message is published to a specific Pub/Sub topic. Cloud Functions are a serverless platform that allows you to run code in response to events. By using these components, you can create a workflow that starts the training job on a GKE cluster as soon as a new file is available in the Cloud Storage bucket, without having to manage any servers or poll for changes. The other options are not as efficient or scalable as this option. Dataflow is a service that allows you to

create and run data processing pipelines, but it is not designed to trigger ML training jobs on GKE.

App Engine is a service that allows you to build and deploy web applications, but it is not suitable for polling Cloud Storage for new files, as it may incur unnecessary costs and latency. Cloud Scheduler is a service that allows you to schedule jobs at regular intervals, but it is not ideal for triggering ML training jobs based on data availability, as it may miss some files or run unnecessary jobs.

Reference: Cloud Storage triggers documentation

Pub/Sub documentation

Pub/Sub-triggered Cloud Functions documentation

Cloud Functions documentation

Kubeflow Pipelines documentation

Question #303

A . Configure your pipeline with Dataflow, which saves the files in Cloud Storage After the file is saved, start the training job on a GKE cluster
B . Use App Engine to create a lightweight python client that continuously polls Cloud Storage for new files As soon as a file arrives, initiate the training job
C . Configure a Cloud Storage trigger to send a message to a Pub/Sub topic when a new file is available in a storage bucket. Use a Pub/Sub-triggered Cloud Function to start the training job on a GKE cluster
D . Use Cloud Scheduler to schedule jobs at a regular interval. For the first step of the job. check the timestamp of objects in your Cloud Storage bucket If there are no new files since the last run, abort the job.

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Question #305

You have been tasked with deploying prototype code to production. The feature engineering code is in PySpark and runs on Dataproc Serverless. The model training is executed by using a Vertex Al custom training job. The two steps are not connected, and the model training must currently be run manually after the feature engineering step finishes. You need to create a scalable and maintainable production process that runs end-to-end and tracks the connections between steps.

What should you do?

A . Create a Vertex Al Workbench notebook Use the notebook to submit the Dataproc Serverless feature engineering job Use the same notebook to submit the custom model training job Run the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end
B . Create a Vertex Al Workbench notebook Initiate an Apache Spark context in the notebook, and run the PySpark feature engineering code Use the same notebook to run the custom model training job in TensorFlow Run the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end
C . Use the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components – The first is a Dataproc Serverless component that launches the feature engineering job – The second is a custom component wrapped in the creare_cusrora_rraining_job_from_ccraponent Utility that launches the custom model training job.
D . Create a Vertex Al Pipelines job to link and run both components Use the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components – The first component initiates an Apache Spark context that runs the PySpark feature engineering code – The second component runs the TensorFlow custom model training code Create a Vertex Al Pipelines job to link and run both components

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Correct Answer: C
C

Explanation:

The best option for creating a scalable and maintainable production process that runs end-to-end and tracks the connections between steps, using prototype code to production, feature engineering code in PySpark that runs on Dataproc Serverless, and model training that is executed by using a Vertex AI custom training job, is to use the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components. The first is a Dataproc Serverless component that launches the feature engineering job. The second is a custom component wrapped in the create_custom_training_job_from_component utility that launches the custom model training job. This option allows you to leverage the power and simplicity of Kubeflow pipelines to orchestrate and automate your machine learning workflows on Vertex AI. Kubeflow pipelines is a platform that can build, deploy, and manage machine learning pipelines on Kubernetes. Kubeflow pipelines can help you create reusable and scalable pipelines, experiment with different pipeline versions and parameters, and monitor and debug your pipelines. Kubeflow pipelines SDK is a set of Python packages that can help you build and run Kubeflow pipelines. Kubeflow pipelines SDK can help you define pipeline components, specify pipeline parameters and inputs, and create pipeline steps and tasks. A component is a self-contained set of code that performs one step in a pipeline, such as data preprocessing, model training, or model evaluation. A component can be created from a Python function, a container image, or a prebuilt component. A custom component is a component that is not provided by Kubeflow pipelines, but is created by the user to perform a specific task. A custom component can be wrapped in a utility function that can help you create a Vertex AI custom training job from the component. A custom training job is a resource that can run your custom training code on Vertex AI. A custom training job can help you train various types of models, such as linear regression, logistic regression, k-means clustering, matrix factorization, and deep neural networks. By using the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components, the first is a Dataproc Serverless component that launches the feature engineering job, and the second is a custom component wrapped in the create_custom_training_job_from_component utility that launches the custom model training job, you can create a scalable and maintainable production process that runs end-to-end and tracks the connections between steps. You can write code that defines the two components, their inputs and outputs, and their dependencies. You can then use the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to create a pipeline that runs the two components in sequence, and submit the pipeline to Vertex AI Pipelines for execution. By using Dataproc Serverless component, you can run your PySpark feature engineering code on Dataproc Serverless, which is a service that can run Spark batch workloads without provisioning and managing your own cluster. By using custom component wrapped in the create_custom_training_job_from_component utility, you can run your custom model training code on Vertex AI, which is a unified platform for building and deploying machine learning solutions on Google Cloud1.

The other options are not as good as option C, for the following reasons:

Option A: Creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, using the notebook to submit the Dataproc Serverless feature engineering job, using the same notebook to submit the custom model training job, and running the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end would require more skills and steps than using the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components, the first is a Dataproc Serverless component that launches the feature engineering job, and the second is a custom component wrapped in the create_custom_training_job_from_component utility that launches the custom model training job.

Vertex AI Workbench is a service that can provide managed notebooks for machine learning development and experimentation. Vertex AI Workbench can help you create and run JupyterLab notebooks, and access various tools and frameworks, such as TensorFlow, PyTorch, and JAX. By creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, using the notebook to submit the Dataproc Serverless feature engineering job, using the same notebook to submit the custom model training job, and running the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end, you can create a production process that runs end-to-end and tracks the connections between steps. You can write code that submits the Dataproc Serverless feature engineering job and the custom model training job to Vertex AI, and run the code in the notebook cells. However, creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, using the notebook to submit the Dataproc Serverless feature engineering job, using the same notebook to submit the custom model training job, and running the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end would require more skills and steps than using the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components, the first is a Dataproc Serverless component that launches the feature engineering job, and the second is a custom component wrapped in the create_custom_training_job_from_component utility that launches the custom model training job. You would need to write code, create and configure the Vertex AI Workbench notebook, submit the Dataproc Serverless feature engineering job and the custom model training job, and run the notebook cells. Moreover, this option would not use the Kubeflow pipelines SDK, which can simplify the pipeline creation and execution process, and provide various features, such as pipeline parameters, pipeline metrics, and pipeline visualization2.

Option B: Creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, initiating an Apache Spark context in the notebook, and running the PySpark feature engineering code, using the same notebook to run the custom model training job in TensorFlow, and running the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end would not allow you to use Dataproc Serverless to run the feature engineering job, and could increase the complexity and cost of the production process. Apache Spark is a framework that can perform large-scale data processing and machine learning. Apache Spark can help you run various tasks, such as data ingestion, data transformation, data analysis, and data visualization. PySpark is a Python API for Apache Spark. PySpark can help you write and run Spark code in Python. An Apache Spark context is a resource that can initialize and configure the Spark environment. An Apache Spark context can help you create and manage Spark objects, such as SparkSession, SparkConf, and SparkContext. By creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, initiating an Apache Spark context in the notebook, and running the PySpark feature engineering code, using the same notebook to run the custom model training job in TensorFlow, and running the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end, you can create a production process that runs end-to-end and tracks the connections between steps. You can write code that initiates an Apache Spark context and runs the PySpark feature engineering code, and runs the custom model training job in TensorFlow, and run the code in the notebook cells. However, creating a Vertex AI Workbench notebook, initiating an Apache Spark context in the notebook, and running the PySpark feature engineering code, using the same notebook to run the custom model training job in TensorFlow, and running the notebook cells sequentially to tie the steps together end-to-end would not allow you to use Dataproc Serverless to run the feature engineering job, and could increase the complexity and cost of the production process. You would need to write code, create and configure the Vertex AI Workbench notebook, initiate and configure the Apache Spark context, run the PySpark feature engineering code, and run the custom model training job in TensorFlow. Moreover, this option would not use Dataproc Serverless, which is a service that can run Spark batch workloads without provisioning and managing your own cluster, and provide various benefits, such as autoscaling, dynamic resource allocation, and serverless billing2.

Option D: Creating a Vertex AI Pipelines job to link and run both components, using the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components, the first component initiates an Apache Spark context that runs the PySpark feature engineering code, and the second component runs the TensorFlow custom model training code, would not allow you to use Dataproc Serverless to run the feature engineering job, and could increase the complexity and cost of the production process. Vertex AI Pipelines is a service that can run Kubeflow pipelines on Vertex AI. Vertex AI Pipelines can help you create and manage machine learning pipelines, and integrate with various Vertex AI services, such as Vertex AI Workbench, Vertex AI Training, and Vertex AI Prediction. A Vertex AI Pipelines job is a resource that can execute a pipeline on Vertex AI Pipelines. A Vertex AI Pipelines job can help you run your pipeline steps and tasks, and monitor and debug your pipeline execution. By creating a Vertex AI Pipelines job to link and run both components, using the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components, the first component initiates an Apache Spark context that runs the PySpark feature engineering code, and the second component runs the TensorFlow custom model training code, you can create a scalable and maintainable production process that runs end-to-end and tracks the connections between steps. You can write code that defines the two components, their inputs and outputs, and their dependencies. You can then use the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to create a pipeline that runs the two components in sequence, and submit the pipeline to Vertex AI Pipelines for execution. However, creating a Vertex AI Pipelines job to link and run both components, using the Kubeflow pipelines SDK to write code that specifies two components, the first component initiates an Apache Spark context that runs the PySpark feature engineering code,

Question #306

Compare the evaluation metrics of the models by using a SQL query with the ml. training_info statement.

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Correct Answer: B

Explanation:

Vertex AI Pipelines is a service that allows you to create and run scalable and portable ML pipelines on Google Cloud. You can use Vertex AI Pipelines to add a component to divide the data into training and evaluation sets, and add another component for feature engineering. A component is a self-contained piece of code that performs a specific task in the pipeline. You can use the built-in components provided by Vertex AI Pipelines, or create your own custom components. By using Vertex AI Pipelines, you can orchestrate and automate your ML workflow, and track the provenance and lineage of your data and models. You can also enable autologging of metrics in the training component, which is a feature that automatically logs the metrics from your XGBoost model to Vertex AI Experiments. Vertex AI Experiments is a service that allows you to track, compare, and optimize your ML experiments on Google Cloud. You can use Vertex AI Experiments to monitor the training progress, visualize the metrics, and analyze the results of your model. You can also compare models using the artifacts lineage in Vertex ML Metadata. Vertex ML Metadata is a service that stores and manages the metadata of your ML artifacts, such as datasets, models, metrics, and executions. You can use Vertex ML Metadata to view the artifacts lineage, which is a graph that shows the relationships and dependencies among the artifacts. By using the artifacts lineage, you can compare the performance and quality of different models trained in different pipeline executions, and identify the best model for your use case. By using Vertex AI Pipelines, Vertex AI Experiments, and Vertex ML

Metadata, you can execute the steps required for developing a training pipeline for a new XGBoost classification model based on tabular data stored in a BigQuery table.

Reference: Vertex AI Pipelines documentation

Vertex AI Experiments documentation

Vertex ML Metadata documentation

Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer Professional Certificate

Question #307

You need to deploy a scikit-learn classification model to production. The model must be able to serve requests 24/7 and you expect millions of requests per second to the production application from 8 am to 7 pm. You need to minimize the cost of deployment

What should you do?

A . Deploy an online Vertex Al prediction endpoint Set the max replica count to 1
B . Deploy an online Vertex Al prediction endpoint Set the max replica count to 100
C . Deploy an online Vertex Al prediction endpoint with one GPU per replica Set the max replica count to 1.
D . Deploy an online Vertex Al prediction endpoint with one GPU per replica Set the max replica count to 100.

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Correct Answer: B
B

Explanation:

The best option for deploying a scikit-learn classification model to production is to deploy an online Vertex AI prediction endpoint and set the max replica count to 100. This option allows you to leverage the power and scalability of Google Cloud to serve requests 24/7 and handle millions of requests per second. Vertex AI is a unified platform for building and deploying machine learning solutions on Google Cloud. Vertex AI can deploy a trained scikit-learn model to an online prediction endpoint, which can provide low-latency predictions for individual instances. An online prediction endpoint consists of one or more replicas, which are copies of the model that run on virtual machines. The max replica count is a parameter that determines the maximum number of replicas that can be created for the endpoint. By setting the max replica count to 100, you can enable the endpoint to scale up to 100 replicas when the traffic increases, and scale down to zero replicas when the traffic decreases. This can help minimize the cost of deployment, as you only pay for the resources that you use. Moreover, you can use the autoscaling algorithm option to optimize the scaling behavior of the endpoint based on the latency and utilization metrics1. The other options are not as good as option B, for the following reasons:

Option A: Deploying an online Vertex AI prediction endpoint and setting the max replica count to 1 would not be able to serve requests 24/7 and handle millions of requests per second. Setting the max replica count to 1 would limit the endpoint to only one replica, which can cause performance issues and service disruptions when the traffic increases. Moreover, setting the max replica count to 1 would prevent the endpoint from scaling down to zero replicas when the traffic decreases, which can increase the cost of deployment, as you pay for the resources that you do not use1.

Option C: Deploying an online Vertex AI prediction endpoint with one GPU per replica and setting the max replica count to 1 would not be able to serve requests 24/7 and handle millions of requests per second, and would increase the cost of deployment. Adding a GPU to each replica would increase the computational power of the endpoint, but it would also increase the cost of deployment, as GPUs are more expensive than CPUs. Moreover, setting the max replica count to 1 would limit the endpoint to only one replica, which can cause performance issues and service disruptions when the traffic increases, and prevent the endpoint from scaling down to zero replicas when the traffic decreases1. Furthermore, scikit-learn models do not benefit from GPUs, as scikit-learn is not optimized for GPU acceleration2.

Option D: Deploying an online Vertex AI prediction endpoint with one GPU per replica and setting the max replica count to 100 would be able to serve requests 24/7 and handle millions of requests per second, but it would increase the cost of deployment. Adding a GPU to each replica would increase the computational power of the endpoint, but it would also increase the cost of deployment, as GPUs are more expensive than CPUs. Setting the max replica count to 100 would enable the endpoint to scale up to 100 replicas when the traffic increases, and scale down to zero replicas when the traffic decreases, which can help minimize the cost of deployment. However, scikit-learn models do not benefit from GPUs, as scikit-learn is not optimized for GPU acceleration2. Therefore, using GPUs for scikit-learn models would be unnecessary and wasteful.

Reference: Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer, Course 3: Production ML

Systems, Week 2: Serving ML Predictions

Google Cloud Professional Machine Learning Engineer Exam Guide, Section 3: Scaling ML models in production, 3.1 Deploying ML models to production

Official Google Cloud Certified Professional Machine Learning Engineer Study Guide, Chapter 6:

Production ML Systems, Section 6.2: Serving ML Predictions

Online prediction

Scaling online prediction

scikit-learn FAQ

Question #308

During batch training of a neural network, you notice that there is an oscillation in the loss.

How should you adjust your model

Oscillation in the loss during batch to ensure that it converges?

A . Increase the size of the training batch
B . Decrease the size of the training batch
C . Increase the learning rate hyperparameter
D . Decrease the learning rate hyperparameter

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Correct Answer: D
D

Explanation:

training of a neural network means

that the model is overshooting the optimal point of the loss function and

bouncing back and forth. This can prevent the model from converging to the

minimum loss value. One of the main reasons for this phenomenon is that the

learning rate hyperparameter, which controls the size of the steps that the

model takes along the gradient, is too high. Therefore, decreasing the learning

rate hyperparameter can help the model take smaller and more precise steps and

avoid oscillation. This is a common technique to improve the stability and

performance of neural network training12.

Reference: Interpreting Loss Curves

Is learning rate the only reason for training loss oscillation after few epochs?

Question #308

During batch training of a neural network, you notice that there is an oscillation in the loss.

How should you adjust your model

Oscillation in the loss during batch to ensure that it converges?

A . Increase the size of the training batch
B . Decrease the size of the training batch
C . Increase the learning rate hyperparameter
D . Decrease the learning rate hyperparameter

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Question #310

You are developing a mode! to detect fraudulent credit card transactions. You need to prioritize detection because missing even one fraudulent transaction could severely impact the credit card holder. You used AutoML to tram a model on users’ profile information and credit card transaction data. After training the initial model, you notice that the model is failing to detect many fraudulent transactions.

How should you adjust the training parameters in AutoML to improve model performance? Choose 2 answers

A . Increase the score threshold.
B . Decrease the score threshold.
C . Add more positive examples to the training set.
D . Add more negative examples to the training set.
E . Reduce the maximum number of node hours for training.

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Correct Answer: B, C
B, C

Explanation:

The best options for adjusting the training parameters in AutoML to improve model performance are to decrease the score threshold and add more positive examples to the training set. These options can help increase the detection rate of fraudulent transactions, which is the priority for this use case. The score threshold is a parameter that determines the minimum probability score that a prediction must have to be classified as positive. Decreasing the score threshold can increase the recall of the model, which is the proportion of actual positive cases that are correctly identified. Increasing the recall can help reduce the number of false negatives, which are fraudulent transactions that are missed by the model. However, decreasing the score threshold can also decrease the precision of the model, which is the proportion of positive predictions that are actually correct. Decreasing the precision can increase the number of false positives, which are legitimate transactions that are flagged as fraudulent by the model. Therefore, there is a trade-off between recall and precision, and the optimal score threshold depends on the business objective and the cost of errors1. Adding more positive examples to the training set can help balance the data distribution and improve the model performance. Positive examples are the instances that belong to the target class, which in this case are fraudulent transactions. Negative examples are the instances that belong to the other class, which in this case are legitimate transactions. Fraudulent transactions are usually rare and imbalanced compared to legitimate transactions, which can cause the model to be biased towards the majority class and fail to learn the characteristics of the minority class. Adding more positive examples can help the model learn more features and patterns of the fraudulent transactions, and increase the detection rate2.

The other options are not as good as options B and C, for the following reasons:

Option A: Increasing the score threshold would decrease the detection rate of fraudulent transactions, which is the opposite of the desired outcome. Increasing the score threshold would decrease the recall of the model, which is the proportion of actual positive cases that are correctly identified. Decreasing the recall would increase the number of false negatives, which are fraudulent transactions that are missed by the model. Increasing the score threshold would increase the precision of the model, which is the proportion of positive predictions that are actually correct. Increasing the precision would decrease the number of false positives, which are legitimate transactions that are flagged as fraudulent by the model. However, in this use case, the cost of false negatives is much higher than the cost of false positives, so increasing the score threshold is not a good option1.

Option D: Adding more negative examples to the training set would not improve the model performance, and could worsen the data imbalance. Negative examples are the instances that belong to the other class, which in this case are legitimate transactions. Legitimate transactions are usually abundant and dominant compared to fraudulent transactions, which can cause the model to be biased towards the majority class and fail to learn the characteristics of the minority class. Adding more negative examples would exacerbate this problem, and decrease the detection rate of the fraudulent transactions2.

Option E: Reducing the maximum number of node hours for training would not improve the model performance, and could limit the model optimization. Node hours are the units of computation that are used to train an AutoML model. The maximum number of node hours is a parameter that determines the upper limit of node hours that can be used for training. Reducing the maximum number of node hours would reduce the training time and cost, but also the model quality and accuracy. Reducing the maximum number of node hours would limit the number of iterations, trials, and evaluations that the model can perform, and prevent the model from finding the optimal hyperparameters and architecture3.

Reference: Preparing for Google Cloud Certification: Machine Learning Engineer, Course 5: Responsible AI, Week 4: Evaluation

Google Cloud Professional Machine Learning Engineer Exam Guide, Section 2: Developing high-quality ML models, 2.2 Handling imbalanced data

Official Google Cloud Certified Professional Machine Learning Engineer Study Guide, Chapter 4: Low-code ML Solutions, Section 4.3: AutoML

Understanding the score threshold slider

Handling imbalanced data sets in machine learning

AutoML Vision pricing

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Free Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer Practice Exams

Google Professional Machine Learning Engineer Practice Exams