Amazon MLS-C01 Practice Exams
Last updated on Oct 23,2026- Exam Code: MLS-C01
- Exam Name: AWS Certified Machine Learning - Specialty
- Certification Provider: Amazon
- Latest update: Oct 23,2026
Question #301
A company wants to predict stock market price trends. The company stores stock market data each business day in Amazon S3 in Apache Parquet format. The company stores 20 GB of data each day for each stock code.
A data engineer must use Apache Spark to perform batch preprocessing data transformations quickly so the company can complete prediction jobs before the stock market opens the next day. The company plans to track more stock market codes and needs a way to scale the preprocessing data transformations.
Which AWS service or feature will meet these requirements with the LEAST development effort over time?
- A . AWS Glue jobs
- B . Amazon EMR cluster
- C . Amazon Athena
- D . AWS Lambda
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
AWS Glue jobs is the AWS service or feature that will meet the requirements with the least development effort over time. AWS Glue jobs is a fully managed service that enables data engineers to run Apache Spark applications on a serverless Spark environment. AWS Glue jobs can perform batch preprocessing data transformations on large datasets stored in Amazon S3, such as converting data formats, filtering data, joining data, and aggregating data. AWS Glue jobs can also scale the Spark environment automatically based on the data volume and processing needs, without requiring any infrastructure provisioning or management. AWS Glue jobs can reduce the development effort and time by providing a graphical interface to create and monitor Spark applications, as well as a code generation feature that can generate Scala or Python code based on the data sources and targets. AWS Glue jobs can also integrate with other AWS services, such as Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, and Amazon SageMaker, to enable further data analysis and machine learning tasks1.
The other options are either more complex or less scalable than AWS Glue jobs. Amazon EMR cluster is a managed service that enables data engineers to run Apache Spark applications on a cluster of Amazon EC2 instances. However, Amazon EMR cluster requires more development effort and time than AWS Glue jobs, as it involves setting up, configuring, and managing the cluster, as well as writing and deploying the Spark code. Amazon EMR cluster also does not scale automatically, but requires manual or scheduled resizing of the cluster based on the data volume and processing needs2. Amazon Athena is a serverless interactive query service that enables data engineers to analyze data stored in Amazon S3 using standard SQL. However, Amazon Athena is not suitable for performing complex data transformations, such as joining data from multiple sources, aggregating data, or applying custom logic. Amazon Athena is also not designed for running Spark applications, but only supports SQL queries3. AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that enables data engineers to run code without provisioning or managing servers. However, AWS Lambda is not optimized for running Spark applications, as it has limitations on the execution time, memory size, and concurrency of the functions. AWS Lambda is also not integrated with Amazon S3, and requires additional steps to read and write data from S3 buckets.
References:
1: AWS Glue – Fully Managed ETL Service – Amazon Web Services
2: Amazon EMR – Amazon Web Services
3: Amazon Athena C Interactive SQL Queries for Data in Amazon S3
[4]: AWS Lambda C Serverless Compute – Amazon Web Services
A
Explanation:
AWS Glue jobs is the AWS service or feature that will meet the requirements with the least development effort over time. AWS Glue jobs is a fully managed service that enables data engineers to run Apache Spark applications on a serverless Spark environment. AWS Glue jobs can perform batch preprocessing data transformations on large datasets stored in Amazon S3, such as converting data formats, filtering data, joining data, and aggregating data. AWS Glue jobs can also scale the Spark environment automatically based on the data volume and processing needs, without requiring any infrastructure provisioning or management. AWS Glue jobs can reduce the development effort and time by providing a graphical interface to create and monitor Spark applications, as well as a code generation feature that can generate Scala or Python code based on the data sources and targets. AWS Glue jobs can also integrate with other AWS services, such as Amazon Athena, Amazon EMR, and Amazon SageMaker, to enable further data analysis and machine learning tasks1.
The other options are either more complex or less scalable than AWS Glue jobs. Amazon EMR cluster is a managed service that enables data engineers to run Apache Spark applications on a cluster of Amazon EC2 instances. However, Amazon EMR cluster requires more development effort and time than AWS Glue jobs, as it involves setting up, configuring, and managing the cluster, as well as writing and deploying the Spark code. Amazon EMR cluster also does not scale automatically, but requires manual or scheduled resizing of the cluster based on the data volume and processing needs2. Amazon Athena is a serverless interactive query service that enables data engineers to analyze data stored in Amazon S3 using standard SQL. However, Amazon Athena is not suitable for performing complex data transformations, such as joining data from multiple sources, aggregating data, or applying custom logic. Amazon Athena is also not designed for running Spark applications, but only supports SQL queries3. AWS Lambda is a serverless compute service that enables data engineers to run code without provisioning or managing servers. However, AWS Lambda is not optimized for running Spark applications, as it has limitations on the execution time, memory size, and concurrency of the functions. AWS Lambda is also not integrated with Amazon S3, and requires additional steps to read and write data from S3 buckets.
References:
1: AWS Glue – Fully Managed ETL Service – Amazon Web Services
2: Amazon EMR – Amazon Web Services
3: Amazon Athena C Interactive SQL Queries for Data in Amazon S3
[4]: AWS Lambda C Serverless Compute – Amazon Web Services
Question #302
An interactive online dictionary wants to add a widget that displays words used in similar contexts. A Machine Learning Specialist is asked to provide word features for the downstream nearest neighbor model powering the widget.
What should the Specialist do to meet these requirements?
- A . Create one-hot word encoding vectors.
- B . Produce a set of synonyms for every word using Amazon Mechanical Turk.
- C . Create word embedding factors that store edit distance with every other word.
- D . Download word embedding’s pre-trained on a large corpus.
Correct Answer: D
D
Explanation:
Word embeddings are a type of dense representation of words, which encode semantic meaning in a vector form. These embeddings are typically pre-trained on a large corpus of text data, such as a large set of books, news articles, or web pages, and capture the context in which words are used. Word embeddings can be used as features for a nearest neighbor model, which can be used to find words used in similar contexts. Downloading pre-trained word embeddings is a good way to get started quickly and leverage the strengths of these representations, which have been optimized on a large amount of data. This is likely to result in more accurate and reliable features than other options like one-hot encoding, edit distance, or using Amazon Mechanical Turk to produce synonyms.
Reference: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/amazon-sagemaker-object2vec-adds-new-features-that-support-automatic-negative-sampling-and-speed-up-training/
D
Explanation:
Word embeddings are a type of dense representation of words, which encode semantic meaning in a vector form. These embeddings are typically pre-trained on a large corpus of text data, such as a large set of books, news articles, or web pages, and capture the context in which words are used. Word embeddings can be used as features for a nearest neighbor model, which can be used to find words used in similar contexts. Downloading pre-trained word embeddings is a good way to get started quickly and leverage the strengths of these representations, which have been optimized on a large amount of data. This is likely to result in more accurate and reliable features than other options like one-hot encoding, edit distance, or using Amazon Mechanical Turk to produce synonyms.
Reference: https://aws.amazon.com/blogs/machine-learning/amazon-sagemaker-object2vec-adds-new-features-that-support-automatic-negative-sampling-and-speed-up-training/
Question #303
A company’s machine learning (ML) specialist is building a computer vision model to classify 10 different traffic signs. The company has stored 100 images of each class in Amazon S3, and the company has another 10.000 unlabeled images. All the images come from dash cameras and are a size of 224 pixels * 224 pixels. After several training runs, the model is overfitting on the training data.
Which actions should the ML specialist take to address this problem? (Select TWO.)
- A . Use Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to label the unlabeled images
- B . Use image preprocessing to transform the images into grayscale images.
- C . Use data augmentation to rotate and translate the labeled images.
- D . Replace the activation of the last layer with a sigmoid.
- E . Use the Amazon SageMaker k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm to label the unlabeled images.
Correct Answer: CE
CE
Explanation:
Data augmentation is a technique to increase the size and diversity of the training data by applying random transformations such as rotation, translation, scaling, flipping, etc. This can help reduce overfitting and improve the generalization of the model. Data augmentation can be done using the Amazon SageMaker image classification algorithm, which supports various augmentation options such as horizontal_flip, vertical_flip, rotate, brightness, contrast, etc1
The Amazon SageMaker k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm is a supervised learning algorithm that can be used to label unlabeled data based on the similarity to the labeled data. The k-NN algorithm assigns a label to an unlabeled instance by finding the k closest labeled instances in the feature space and taking a majority vote among their labels. This can help increase the size and diversity of the training data and reduce overfitting. The k-NN algorithm can be used with the Amazon SageMaker image classification algorithm by extracting features from the images using a pre-trained model and then applying the k-NN algorithm on the feature vectors2
Using Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to label the unlabeled images is not a good option because it is a manual and costly process that requires human annotators. Moreover, it does not address the issue of overfitting on the existing labeled data.
Using image preprocessing to transform the images into grayscale images is not a good option because it reduces the amount of information and variation in the images, which can degrade the performance of the model. Moreover, it does not address the issue of overfitting on the existing labeled data.
Replacing the activation of the last layer with a sigmoid is not a good option because it is not suitable for a multi-class classification problem. A sigmoid activation function outputs a value between 0 and 1, which can be interpreted as a probability of belonging to a single class. However, for a multi-class classification problem, the output should be a vector of probabilities that sum up to 1, which can be achieved by using a softmax activation function.
References:
1: Image classification algorithm – Amazon SageMaker
2: k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm – Amazon SageMaker
CE
Explanation:
Data augmentation is a technique to increase the size and diversity of the training data by applying random transformations such as rotation, translation, scaling, flipping, etc. This can help reduce overfitting and improve the generalization of the model. Data augmentation can be done using the Amazon SageMaker image classification algorithm, which supports various augmentation options such as horizontal_flip, vertical_flip, rotate, brightness, contrast, etc1
The Amazon SageMaker k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm is a supervised learning algorithm that can be used to label unlabeled data based on the similarity to the labeled data. The k-NN algorithm assigns a label to an unlabeled instance by finding the k closest labeled instances in the feature space and taking a majority vote among their labels. This can help increase the size and diversity of the training data and reduce overfitting. The k-NN algorithm can be used with the Amazon SageMaker image classification algorithm by extracting features from the images using a pre-trained model and then applying the k-NN algorithm on the feature vectors2
Using Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to label the unlabeled images is not a good option because it is a manual and costly process that requires human annotators. Moreover, it does not address the issue of overfitting on the existing labeled data.
Using image preprocessing to transform the images into grayscale images is not a good option because it reduces the amount of information and variation in the images, which can degrade the performance of the model. Moreover, it does not address the issue of overfitting on the existing labeled data.
Replacing the activation of the last layer with a sigmoid is not a good option because it is not suitable for a multi-class classification problem. A sigmoid activation function outputs a value between 0 and 1, which can be interpreted as a probability of belonging to a single class. However, for a multi-class classification problem, the output should be a vector of probabilities that sum up to 1, which can be achieved by using a softmax activation function.
References:
1: Image classification algorithm – Amazon SageMaker
2: k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) algorithm – Amazon SageMaker
Question #304
A company deployed a machine learning (ML) model on the company website to predict real estate prices. Several months after deployment, an ML engineer notices that the accuracy of the model has gradually decreased.
The ML engineer needs to improve the accuracy of the model. The engineer also needs to receive
notifications for any future performance issues.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
- A . Perform incremental training to update the model. Activate Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor to detect model performance issues and to send notifications.
- B . Use Amazon SageMaker Model Governance. Configure Model Governance to automatically adjust model hyper para meters. Create a performance threshold alarm in Amazon CloudWatch to send notifications.
- C . Use Amazon SageMaker Debugger with appropriate thresholds. Configure Debugger to send Amazon CloudWatch alarms to alert the team Retrain the model by using only data from the previous several months.
- D . Use only data from the previous several months to perform incremental training to update the model. Use Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor to detect model performance issues and to send notifications.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
The best solution to improve the accuracy of the model and receive notifications for any future performance issues is to perform incremental training to update the model and activate Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor to detect model performance issues and to send notifications.
data. A classification algorithm is a suitable choice for predicting a binary outcome, such as enrollment status, based on the input features, such as academic performance. A classification algorithm will output a probability for each class label and assign the most likely label to each observation.
References:
Use Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to Label Data
Classification Algorithm in Machine Learning
A
Explanation:
The best solution to improve the accuracy of the model and receive notifications for any future performance issues is to perform incremental training to update the model and activate Amazon SageMaker Model Monitor to detect model performance issues and to send notifications.
data. A classification algorithm is a suitable choice for predicting a binary outcome, such as enrollment status, based on the input features, such as academic performance. A classification algorithm will output a probability for each class label and assign the most likely label to each observation.
References:
Use Amazon SageMaker Ground Truth to Label Data
Classification Algorithm in Machine Learning
Question #305
A company distributes an online multiple-choice survey to several thousand people. Respondents to the survey can select multiple options for each question.
A machine learning (ML) engineer needs to comprehensively represent every response from all respondents in a dataset. The ML engineer will use the dataset to train a logistic regression model.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
- A . Perform one-hot encoding on every possible option for each question of the survey.
- B . Perform binning on all the answers each respondent selected for each question.
- C . Use Amazon Mechanical Turk to create categorical labels for each set of possible responses.
- D . Use Amazon Textract to create numeric features for each set of possible responses.
Correct Answer: A
A
Explanation:
In cases where survey questions allow multiple choices per question, one-hot encoding is an effective way to represent responses as binary features. Each possible option for each question is transformed into a separate binary column (1 if selected, 0 if not), providing a comprehensive and machine-readable format that logistic regression models can interpret effectively.
This approach ensures that each respondent’s selections are accurately captured in a format suitable for training, offering a straightforward representation for multi-choice responses.
A
Explanation:
In cases where survey questions allow multiple choices per question, one-hot encoding is an effective way to represent responses as binary features. Each possible option for each question is transformed into a separate binary column (1 if selected, 0 if not), providing a comprehensive and machine-readable format that logistic regression models can interpret effectively.
This approach ensures that each respondent’s selections are accurately captured in a format suitable for training, offering a straightforward representation for multi-choice responses.
Question #306
A company wants to predict the classification of documents that are created from an application. New documents are saved to an Amazon S3 bucket every 3 seconds. The company has developed three versions of a machine learning (ML) model within Amazon SageMaker to classify document text. The company wants to deploy these three versions to predict the classification of each document.
Which approach will meet these requirements with the LEAST operational overhead?
- A . Configure an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created. Configure the Lambda function to create three SageMaker batch transform jobs, one batch transform job for each model for each document.
- B . Deploy all the models to a single SageMaker endpoint. Treat each model as a production variant. Configure an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created. Configure the Lambda function to call each production variant and return the results of each model.
- C . Deploy each model to its own SageMaker endpoint Configure an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created. Configure the Lambda function to call each endpoint and return the results of each model.
- D . Deploy each model to its own SageMaker endpoint. Create three AWS Lambda functions. Configure each Lambda function to call a different endpoint and return the results. Configure three S3 event notifications to invoke the Lambda functions when new documents are created.
Correct Answer: B
B
Explanation:
The approach that will meet the requirements with the least operational overhead is to deploy all the models to a single SageMaker endpoint, treat each model as a production variant, configure an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created, and configure the Lambda function to call each production variant and return the results of each model.
This approach involves the following steps:
Deploy all the models to a single SageMaker endpoint. Amazon SageMaker is a service that can build, train, and deploy machine learning models. Amazon SageMaker can deploy multiple models to a single endpoint, which is a web service that can serve predictions from the models. Each model can be treated as a production variant, which is a version of the model that runs on one or more instances. Amazon SageMaker can distribute the traffic among the production variants according to the specified weights1.
Treat each model as a production variant. Amazon SageMaker can deploy multiple models to a single endpoint, which is a web service that can serve predictions from the models. Each model can be treated as a production variant, which is a version of the model that runs on one or more instances. Amazon SageMaker can distribute the traffic among the production variants according to the specified weights1.
Configure an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created. Amazon S3 is a service that can store and retrieve any amount of data. Amazon S3 can send event notifications when certain actions occur on the objects in a bucket, such as object creation, deletion, or modification. Amazon S3 can invoke an AWS Lambda function as a destination for the event notifications. AWS Lambda is a service that can run code without provisioning or managing servers2.
Configure the Lambda function to call each production variant and return the results of each model. AWS Lambda can execute the code that can call the SageMaker endpoint and specify the production variant to invoke. AWS Lambda can use the AWS SDK or the SageMaker Runtime API to send requests to the endpoint and receive the predictions from the models. AWS Lambda can return the results of each model as a response to the event notification3. The other options are not suitable because:
Option A: Configuring an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created, configuring the Lambda function to create three SageMaker batch transform jobs, one batch transform job for each model for each document, will incur more operational overhead than using a single SageMaker endpoint. Amazon SageMaker batch transform is a service that can process large datasets in batches and store the predictions in Amazon S3. Amazon SageMaker batch transform is not suitable for real-time inference, as it introduces a delay between the request and the response. Moreover, creating three batch transform jobs for each document will increase the complexity and cost of the solution4.
Option C: Deploying each model to its own SageMaker endpoint, configuring an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created, configuring the Lambda function to call each endpoint and return the results of each model, will incur more operational overhead than using a single SageMaker endpoint. Deploying each model to its own endpoint will increase the number of resources and endpoints to manage and monitor. Moreover, calling each endpoint separately will increase the latency and network traffic of the solution5.
Option D: Deploying each model to its own SageMaker endpoint, creating three AWS Lambda functions, configuring each Lambda function to call a different endpoint and return the results, configuring three S3 event notifications to invoke the Lambda functions when new documents are created, will incur more operational overhead than using a single SageMaker endpoint and a single Lambda function. Deploying each model to its own endpoint will increase the number of resources and endpoints to manage and monitor. Creating three Lambda functions will increase the complexity and cost of the solution. Configuring three S3 event notifications will increase the number of triggers and destinations to manage and monitor6.
References:
1: Deploying Multiple Models to a Single Endpoint – Amazon SageMaker
2: Configuring Amazon S3 Event Notifications – Amazon Simple Storage Service
3: Invoke an Endpoint – Amazon SageMaker
4: Get Inferences for an Entire Dataset with Batch Transform – Amazon SageMaker
5: Deploy a Model – Amazon SageMaker
6: AWS Lambda
B
Explanation:
The approach that will meet the requirements with the least operational overhead is to deploy all the models to a single SageMaker endpoint, treat each model as a production variant, configure an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created, and configure the Lambda function to call each production variant and return the results of each model.
This approach involves the following steps:
Deploy all the models to a single SageMaker endpoint. Amazon SageMaker is a service that can build, train, and deploy machine learning models. Amazon SageMaker can deploy multiple models to a single endpoint, which is a web service that can serve predictions from the models. Each model can be treated as a production variant, which is a version of the model that runs on one or more instances. Amazon SageMaker can distribute the traffic among the production variants according to the specified weights1.
Treat each model as a production variant. Amazon SageMaker can deploy multiple models to a single endpoint, which is a web service that can serve predictions from the models. Each model can be treated as a production variant, which is a version of the model that runs on one or more instances. Amazon SageMaker can distribute the traffic among the production variants according to the specified weights1.
Configure an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created. Amazon S3 is a service that can store and retrieve any amount of data. Amazon S3 can send event notifications when certain actions occur on the objects in a bucket, such as object creation, deletion, or modification. Amazon S3 can invoke an AWS Lambda function as a destination for the event notifications. AWS Lambda is a service that can run code without provisioning or managing servers2.
Configure the Lambda function to call each production variant and return the results of each model. AWS Lambda can execute the code that can call the SageMaker endpoint and specify the production variant to invoke. AWS Lambda can use the AWS SDK or the SageMaker Runtime API to send requests to the endpoint and receive the predictions from the models. AWS Lambda can return the results of each model as a response to the event notification3. The other options are not suitable because:
Option A: Configuring an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created, configuring the Lambda function to create three SageMaker batch transform jobs, one batch transform job for each model for each document, will incur more operational overhead than using a single SageMaker endpoint. Amazon SageMaker batch transform is a service that can process large datasets in batches and store the predictions in Amazon S3. Amazon SageMaker batch transform is not suitable for real-time inference, as it introduces a delay between the request and the response. Moreover, creating three batch transform jobs for each document will increase the complexity and cost of the solution4.
Option C: Deploying each model to its own SageMaker endpoint, configuring an S3 event notification that invokes an AWS Lambda function when new documents are created, configuring the Lambda function to call each endpoint and return the results of each model, will incur more operational overhead than using a single SageMaker endpoint. Deploying each model to its own endpoint will increase the number of resources and endpoints to manage and monitor. Moreover, calling each endpoint separately will increase the latency and network traffic of the solution5.
Option D: Deploying each model to its own SageMaker endpoint, creating three AWS Lambda functions, configuring each Lambda function to call a different endpoint and return the results, configuring three S3 event notifications to invoke the Lambda functions when new documents are created, will incur more operational overhead than using a single SageMaker endpoint and a single Lambda function. Deploying each model to its own endpoint will increase the number of resources and endpoints to manage and monitor. Creating three Lambda functions will increase the complexity and cost of the solution. Configuring three S3 event notifications will increase the number of triggers and destinations to manage and monitor6.
References:
1: Deploying Multiple Models to a Single Endpoint – Amazon SageMaker
2: Configuring Amazon S3 Event Notifications – Amazon Simple Storage Service
3: Invoke an Endpoint – Amazon SageMaker
4: Get Inferences for an Entire Dataset with Batch Transform – Amazon SageMaker
5: Deploy a Model – Amazon SageMaker
6: AWS Lambda
Question #307
A media company is building a computer vision model to analyze images that are on social media. The model consists of CNNs that the company trained by using images that the company stores in Amazon S3. The company used an Amazon SageMaker training job in File mode with a single Amazon EC2 On-Demand Instance.
Every day, the company updates the model by using about 10,000 images that the company has collected in the last 24 hours. The company configures training with only one epoch. The company wants to speed up training and lower costs without the need to make any code changes.
Which solution will meet these requirements?
- A . Instead of File mode, configure the SageMaker training job to use Pipe mode. Ingest the data from a pipe.
- B . Instead Of File mode, configure the SageMaker training job to use FastFile mode with no Other changes.
- C . Instead Of On-Demand Instances, configure the SageMaker training job to use Spot Instances.
Make no Other changes. - D . Instead Of On-Demand Instances, configure the SageMaker training job to use Spot Instances.
Implement model checkpoints.
Correct Answer: C
C
Explanation:
The solution C will meet the requirements because it uses Amazon SageMaker Spot Instances, which are unused EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. Amazon SageMaker Spot Instances can speed up training and lower costs by taking advantage of the spare EC2 capacity. The company does not need to make any code changes to use Spot Instances, as it can simply enable the managed spot training option in the SageMaker training job configuration. The company also does not need to implement model checkpoints, as it is using only one epoch for training, which means the model will not resume from a previous state1.
The other options are not suitable because:
Option A: Configuring the SageMaker training job to use Pipe mode instead of File mode will not speed up training or lower costs significantly. Pipe mode is a data ingestion mode that streams data directly from S3 to the training algorithm, without copying the data to the local storage of the training instance. Pipe mode can reduce the startup time of the training job and the disk space usage, but it does not affect the computation time or the instance price. Moreover, Pipe mode may require some code changes to handle the streaming data, depending on the training algorithm2.
Option B: Configuring the SageMaker training job to use FastFile mode instead of File mode will not speed up training or lower costs significantly. FastFile mode is a data ingestion mode that copies data from S3 to the local storage of the training instance in parallel with the training process. FastFile mode can reduce the startup time of the training job and the disk space usage, but it does not affect the computation time or the instance price. Moreover, FastFile mode is only available for distributed training jobs that use multiple instances, which is not the case for the company3.
Option D: Configuring the SageMaker training job to use Spot Instances and implementing model checkpoints will not meet the requirements without the need to make any code changes. Model checkpoints are a feature that allows the training job to save the model state periodically to S3, and resume from the latest checkpoint if the training job is interrupted. Model checkpoints can help to avoid losing the training progress and ensure the model convergence, but they require some code changes to implement the checkpointing logic and the resuming logic4.
References:
1: Managed Spot Training – Amazon SageMaker
2: Pipe Mode – Amazon SageMaker
3: FastFile Mode – Amazon SageMaker
4: Checkpoints – Amazon SageMaker
C
Explanation:
The solution C will meet the requirements because it uses Amazon SageMaker Spot Instances, which are unused EC2 instances that are available at up to 90% discount compared to On-Demand prices. Amazon SageMaker Spot Instances can speed up training and lower costs by taking advantage of the spare EC2 capacity. The company does not need to make any code changes to use Spot Instances, as it can simply enable the managed spot training option in the SageMaker training job configuration. The company also does not need to implement model checkpoints, as it is using only one epoch for training, which means the model will not resume from a previous state1.
The other options are not suitable because:
Option A: Configuring the SageMaker training job to use Pipe mode instead of File mode will not speed up training or lower costs significantly. Pipe mode is a data ingestion mode that streams data directly from S3 to the training algorithm, without copying the data to the local storage of the training instance. Pipe mode can reduce the startup time of the training job and the disk space usage, but it does not affect the computation time or the instance price. Moreover, Pipe mode may require some code changes to handle the streaming data, depending on the training algorithm2.
Option B: Configuring the SageMaker training job to use FastFile mode instead of File mode will not speed up training or lower costs significantly. FastFile mode is a data ingestion mode that copies data from S3 to the local storage of the training instance in parallel with the training process. FastFile mode can reduce the startup time of the training job and the disk space usage, but it does not affect the computation time or the instance price. Moreover, FastFile mode is only available for distributed training jobs that use multiple instances, which is not the case for the company3.
Option D: Configuring the SageMaker training job to use Spot Instances and implementing model checkpoints will not meet the requirements without the need to make any code changes. Model checkpoints are a feature that allows the training job to save the model state periodically to S3, and resume from the latest checkpoint if the training job is interrupted. Model checkpoints can help to avoid losing the training progress and ensure the model convergence, but they require some code changes to implement the checkpointing logic and the resuming logic4.
References:
1: Managed Spot Training – Amazon SageMaker
2: Pipe Mode – Amazon SageMaker
3: FastFile Mode – Amazon SageMaker
4: Checkpoints – Amazon SageMaker